THE DEFINITIVE GUIDE TO INDIANMUSICALINSTRUMENTS

The Definitive Guide to indianmusicalinstruments

The Definitive Guide to indianmusicalinstruments

Blog Article

Thai literature and drama attracts terrific inspiration from Indian arts and Hindu legends. Epic of Ramayana is as popular in Thailand given that the Ramakien. Two of the preferred classical thai dances the Khon, carried out by Adult males putting on ferocious masks, and also the Lakhon (Lakhon nai, Lakhon chatri and Lakhon nok), carried out by women who Enjoy both of those male and woman roles attracts inspiration generally within the Ramakien.

The harmonium is a conventional and well-known musical instrument of India. The harmonium incorporates a keyboard of in excess of two and one particular-50 % octaves and works over a method of bellows.

You'll find a lot of Ragas, Each individual with its rhythms and rules. Sitars need to be tuned to Raga notes combined with rhythmic beats.??beneath our pricing filter and locate a loaded library of over seven,000 films you could look at on line without cost.|In the nineteenth century, it commenced shedding its accompanist function to your Harmonium. By the center of the twentieth century, it reclaimed its worth to be a solo instrument, and purchased an enthusiastic Intercontinental pursuing.|Mastering the sitar calls for Understanding certain enjoying tactics which might be special to this instrument. Certainly one of A very powerful approaches is the use of meend, which involves sliding from a person Be aware to another within a ongoing movement.|Among the preferred Indian percussion devices could be the tabla, which includes two drums played by a similar particular person.|It's got a record spanning many millennia and made above various geo-locations spanning the sub-continent. Music in India started being an integral Portion of socio-spiritual existence.|(traditional ensemble of nine devices observed at royal courts). It is recognized as a Mangal vadya and is normally played on all auspicious events in north India for example marriages, temple festivals, and many others. Pay attention to the Shehnai Below.|Some concert organisers also attribute their particular Carnatic new music festivals during the period. 1000s of performances are held by countless musicians across various venues in town.|Dugi Tabla is a crucial rhythmic accompaniment to vocal, instrument and dance performances. Dugi Tabla  ?��?a percussion instrument which consists of a set of single headed drums ??The Pungi was initially made as an accompaniment to people music in India. There aren't any pauses in the event the Pungi is played due to strategy of round respiratory used whilst playing this instrument. Therefore the Pungi makes a trance like seem.|Whether or not northern or southern traditions of India, every musical instrument has a singular portion within the Indian traditions and gatherings.|Partially three, musicians from across India go over and exhibit the one of a kind poperties of Indian new music, and where they believe Indian new music is headed.|A gharana is often a system of social organisation during the Indian subcontinent, linking musicians or dancers by lineage or apprenticeship. Notable gharana involve:|It's thought that the Tabla was derived from Pakhawaj. Pakhawaj commonly accompanies Dhrupad kind of singing. Pakhawaj is a barrel-formed drum with two heads which might be product of layers of skin.|The Ghatam, a sound instrument, is usually a narrow-mouthed clay pot. Chidambara Iyer of Polagam is credited for his pioneer operate of developing the instrument being an accompaniment. Ghatams with robust and durable bodies are made at Panruti and Manamadurai.|Indian musical devices checklist--comprehensive with pics and names. These instruments are Employed in Carnatic and Hindustani kinds of Indian classical audio. Although some instruments originated in the Indian sub-continent, Persian and European musical instruments have also been tailored really properly for Indian classical audio.|[23] In keeping with Alastair Dick, the "fashionable look at that ... invading Muslims just improved into Persian the title of an current Hindu instrument ... has no historic or musical foundation".[eight] Other Students have contested the veena origin hypotheses of the sitar by mentioning that proponents of those hypotheses choose the quantity of strings as the key criterion in coming for their conclusions. On top of that, they try to trace the sitar again into a known Indian musical instrument by using a Sanskrit identify, although acknowledging that there's no evidence to the existence of long-necked lutes during the Indian subcontinent ahead of the period of Muslim growth into the region.[24]|Character will be the fountain source of all music. The start of Indian musicography is traced to Vedic chants which were sung throughout religious rituals done by clergymen named Udgatar. The origin of musical composition is traced on the Vedic chant of Samveda (the Veda of new music) created by Lord Brahma.|The abundance of musical devices in Indian music is testomony to its Resourceful diversity. The Indian Songs Working experience Museum has above a hundred musical devices in its assortment. A array of these from Indian classical and people songs is introduced in this article.|This information has several troubles. Please enable boost it or examine these concerns on the discuss web page. (Learn the way and when to remove these template messages)|The Natya Shastra by Bharata Muni, the oldest surviving historical Hindu text on classical songs and efficiency arts, discusses the veena.[16] This Sanskrit textual content, almost certainly finish involving 200 BCE and 200 CE,[17] commences its dialogue by stating that "the human throat is often a sareer veena, or possibly a body's musical string instrument" when it is perfected, and the source of gandharva songs is such a throat, a string instrument and flute.|A Carnatic composition seriously has two elements, just one becoming the musical component, the opposite becoming what's conveyed within the composition. It might be due to this truth that many Carnatic tunes compositions are composed for singing. In combination with the prosperous musical expertise, each composition provides out the understanding and character from the composer, and hence the text are as significant since the musical ingredient itself.|Percussion devices and Piphat, a sort of woodwind accompany the dance.[107] Nang talung, a Thai shadow Enjoy motivated by South Indian Bommalattam, has shadows constructed from the items of cow or h2o buffalo hide Slice to symbolize human figures with movable arms and legs are thrown on a monitor for that entertainment of spectators.|Sample of Odissi overall performance artwork Together with the 17th Canto from the 17th century Odia poet Upendra Bhanja's 'Baidehisha Bilasa' currently being sung. Odissi and Kathakali drama traditions have experienced a vital impact on India's narrative traditions. Jayadeva, the 12th century sanskrit saint-poet, The nice composer and illustrious learn of classical songs, has enormous contribution to Odissi songs. Throughout his time Odra-Magadhi model songs acquired formed and realized its classical position.|"Starting up in 2015, Sarang has emerged as being a notable Indian cultural Pageant, introducing India's loaded and numerous cultural heritage in Korea, and has because then grown in dimension, scope and recognition, showcasing India's rich civilizational legacy and cultural vibrancy??As a part of this Competition, it is our endeavor to showcase the wealthy cultural variety of India represented by means of a variety of forms," he explained.|In distinction to Carnatic new music, one other main Indian classical songs tradition originating from the South, Hindustani music was not just affected by historical Hindu musical traditions, historic Vedic philosophy and indigenous Indian sounds but will also enriched through the Persian efficiency methods in the Mughals. Classical genres are dhrupad, dhamar, khyal, tarana and sadra, and there are also a number of semi-classical types.}

The Mridangam, a percussion instrument from South India, is really an indispensable rhythmic accompaniment in Karnatik classical tunes concert events. The tani avartanam, performed by a mridangam artiste along with other percussionists, will be the highlight of the Karnatik concert.

He structured graded exercises called Swaravalis and Alankaras, and concurrently, released the Raga Mayamalavagowla as the first scale to become learnt by novices. He also composed Gitas (basic tunes) for beginner learners.?? decide on the genres that appeal to you and begin browsing in the most effective movies to view based upon your passions.|The Shehnai is a fragile instrument. The semitone and quarter tones are rendered quite efficiently and aesthetically by how the mouth interacts With all the reed mouthpiece and how the holes are opened and closed using fingers.|The Ravanhatha, an historical melodic bowed string instrument from the Thori and Nayak Bhopas from Rajasthan, is a single the earliest devices performed having a bow and can also be credited as being a precursor into the violin.|This short article is penned like a personal reflection, particular essay, or argumentative essay that states a Wikipedia editor's individual thoughts or provides an original argument about a subject.|In keeping with architects, "the look of your museum developing follows the curves of the prevailing jamun and mango trees about the plot. The curved facade symbolizes the gradual enlargement of Indian audio, like flowing raga."|The violin performs these alternately with the key performer. In incredibly extended strings of swara, the performers must compute their notes properly to ensure that they persist with the raga, haven't any uncomfortable pauses or lapses inside the conquer of your song, and develop a fancy sample of notes that a proficient viewers can stick to.|A Discovering Centre is Yet one more critical part on the IME. It is actually prepared for providing curriculum-dependent audio instruction and enhancement of music teaching aids for educational institutions.|Before you decide to get started, imagine Whatever you already understand about Indian new music. What are some of the Seems or devices you affiliate with this type of audio?|The vocalist plus the violinist consider turns even though elaborating or even though exhibiting creativity in sections like raga, niraval and kalpanaswaram.|Their reliable and meaningful voices have been echoing for centuries and ideally will be alive For additional.|The round reduced chamber to which the tabli, the connecting heel-piece as well as the neck (dandh) are fastened is Slash from a specific and dried gourd (tumba). Wooden applied is either tun or teak; bridges are usually Minimize from 1 piece of bone.|One of the earliest description in the terminology at the moment useful for veena design, modification and Procedure appears in Sangita Cudamani by Govinda.[thirty]|The perimeters in the bowls are struck with beaters, a single in Every single hand. This instrument is played solo or as Element of an ensemble.|The Rudra Veena has two significant resonators crafted from hollow gourds, hooked up on the extensive tubular physique of the instrument. The gorgeous carvings within the resonators make it appear grand and stylish.|The sitar has captured the hearts of songs fans throughout the world, getting a bridge that connects different musical cultures and traditions.|Each individual one of several myriad instruments invented since then matches into 1 of these four timeless classes.|The impact of sitar may be mostly seen in direction of the north facet of India as a result of Mughal dynasty impact. The captivating audio from the strings of sitar has attracted a lot of famous musical artists around the world, musical bands just like the Beatles along with the Rolling Stones use sitar for their effectiveness. The Sitar occupies a location of delight between Indian musical devices. It is easily the most charming of all devices.|Charanjit Singh takes the Indian musical kind of Ragas to a distinct dimension by combining the iconic Indian Appears with the futuristic synthesizer.|The ragas are grouped into sets of 6, identified as chakras ("wheels", while in fact segments in the conventional illustration) grouped in accordance with the supertonic and mediant scale levels. There exists a program referred to as the katapayadi sankhya to ascertain the names of melakarta ragas.|This type of music known as a keerthanam or maybe a kriti. You will discover other achievable buildings for any kriti, which can Additionally contain swara passages named chittaswara.|This short article demands further citations for verification. You should support improve this short article by incorporating citations to reputable sources. Unsourced product can be challenged and taken out.|Varnams are brief metric parts which encapsulate the principle options and prerequisites of the raga.[56] The features and policies from the raga (also called the sanchaaraas of a raga) incorporate how Just about every note on the raga should be stressed, the dimensions from the raga, etc.}

Widen your quest past videos, and check out our Motion picture and television streaming manual to find out almost everything that?�s new and trending in your favorite streaming platforms. It's also possible to visit our Television set streaming tutorial to slender down your search to Television demonstrates and World wide web-collection.?? ordinarily two to a few seconds, before repeating the cycle. The blended audio of all strings??each|Every|Each and every|Every single|Just about every|Each individual} string a elementary tone with its possess spectrum of overtones?�supports and blends Using the external tones sung or performed with the soloist.|The lower resonance chamber or pet is roofed with goat skin parchment, and also a strip of thick leather is wrapped across the waist (and affixed towards the rear in the chamber) to assist the elephant-shaped bridge, which is usually created of camel or buffalo bone. |It is also said that Saheb Asadullah Khan started the use of Sarod as being a musical instrument in Bengal in before days. Thereafter, Bengal turned popular for manufacturing this musical instrument. Sarod is product of teak Wooden. This miniature musical instrument narrates the intriguing Tale of India?�s musical heritage. |Wind devices or Aerophones generate a melodic seem when air is blown throughout the mouthpiece at 1 close on the instrument.|The sitar has a vast repertoire of melodies which have been precise to Indian classical audio. These melodies, often known as ragas, are determined by particular scales and evoke different moods website and feelings.}

Embekka Devalaya temple, Sri Lanka. A Kinnari holds an ālāpīni vīnī, a sort of stick-zither with a 50 % gourd useful for the resonator.??that makes Indian new music unmistakable.|Your browser isn?�t supported anymore. Update it to find the finest YouTube experience and our most up-to-date features. Find out more| This is actually the group of string devices. In this particular classification, the seem is made by the string's vibration by way of plucking or bowing around the string. The pitch and the sound vibration rely upon the string's duration and how tight it truly is wound to the instrument.|The Pena can be a string instrument from Manipur that has a parched coconut shell belly. This stringed instrument is often performed both though standing or seated, or even though dancing.|As a result of ongoing, rhythmic plucking of its strings, the tanpura results in a continuing harmonic bourdon or drone impact. Uniquely, the tanpura is just not performed in distinct rhythm Together with the soloist, percussionist, or almost every other featured musician; the precise timing of plucking a cycle of four strings in a very continuous loop is often a determinant Consider the resultant audio, and it really is played, unchangingly, all through the entire effectiveness. The tanpurist ought to preserve true to their own individual rhythm for the period on the composition, which can be around an hour in some instances, as their drone is important to all the musical foundation of your functionality.|The one string instrument which is neither plucked nor bowed could be the Santoor, that's played by hammering around the strings.|Carnatic tunes was historically taught while in the gurukula procedure, exactly where the coed lived with and learnt the artwork from his guru (perceptor).|The player plucks the melody strings downward with the main and next fingers from the actively playing hand although the drone strings are strummed While using the tiny finger.}

Likewise, in the later on excavations of the Harappan civilization, evidence of musical activity and dance was uncovered. The research of this sort of proof will help us recognize the evolution of audio and several cultural aspects of the folks who made use of these instruments.

Confess Khusrau's function during the creation of your sitar in India has slowly been discredited by historians, but social motivations and also the tenacity with the custom bring about the idea to persist... ^

Launch Yr??filter and slide your cursor about into the film period you?�d prefer to stream.|The instrument's bridges are made of deer horn, ebony, or extremely at times from camel bone. Synthetic content is currently frequent in addition.|Taking part in the sitar is a fascinating expertise that requires tolerance, self-control, and devotion. The exceptional model and audio with the sitar come from certain methods and melodies which make it a beloved instrument in classic Indian songs and past.|Owing to our immediate Speak to, these instrument makers often receive a feedback concerning the supplied devices and in this way they can adjust their benchmarks to our expectations. Simultaneously we continuously observe the industry trends, take a look at the gives of unknown younger workshops and alter our associates if we're not happy In spite of aged conventional enterprises any longer. Due to this fact, each one of our devices provides ??for Indian expectations ??an unusually superior amount in material, processing and sound top quality, originates from a effectively-regarded supply and corresponds to the most recent up-to-date level of data during the artwork of instrument building. It doesn't matter what selling price classification: From Sathya Deep you might constantly get a quality solution of lasting value.|That is played by Keeping it at a few forty five-degree angle throughout one's physique, as well as the more compact gourd in excess of the musician's still left thigh. This instrument is associated with an ancient instrument of South India, across the location now known as Kerala, where by The traditional Edition is named Nanthuni or Nanduruni.[34]|The rhythm accompanist is normally a mridangam participant (who sits on another side, experiencing the violin player). Having said that, other percussion instruments including the ghatam, kanjira and morsing regularly also accompany the key percussion instrument and play in an almost contrapuntal vogue along with the beats.|The museum making features a protracted period of development, at first because of deficiency of clarity in its scope of labor and performing, after which due to scarcity of money.|The earliest lute and zither design veena actively playing musicians are evidenced in Hindu and Buddhist cave temple reliefs within the early centuries on the frequent era. Likewise, Indian sculptures with the mid-1st millennium CE depict musicians participating in string devices.[eleven] By regarding the 6th century CE, the goddess Saraswati sculptures are predominantly with veena in the zither-type, just like modern-day kinds.[22]|Sarod has a small wood physique lined with skin as well as a fingerboard that is covered with metal. Sarod does not have a fret and has 20-five strings of which fifteen are sympathetic strings.|Western globe's music continues to be adopted in India, by creating fusion tunes in India which consequently have enriched and produced global genres of western new music.|Indian Audio has often been an essential Element of Indian lifetime. The array of musical phenomenon in India extends from simple melodies to what is Among the most nicely- created ??systems|methods|techniques|programs|devices|units}??of classical audio on the planet. There are references to various string and wind instruments, and various forms of drums and cymbals, during the Vedas. Some date the appearance from the process of classical Indian music to Amir Khusro. Muslim rulers and noblemen freely extended their patronage to new music. While in the courts of the Mughal emperors, songs is alleged to possess flourished, plus the Tansen was among the jewels of Akbar?�s court docket.|Record of Indian classical music considers the subsequent historic treatise over the science of carrying out artwork |Stickers of Indian movies and stars beautify taxis and buses in Nigeria's Northern Area, and posters of Indian films hang on the partitions of tailoring stores and mechanics' garages.[122]|It has The form of a barrel, with the correct head marginally smaller sized as opposed to left. It is one and a 50 percent to two toes prolonged and twenty five to 30 centimeters in diameter. |The frets, that are called pardā or thaat,[twenty five] are movable, making it possible for fantastic tuning. The performed strings run to tuning pegs on or in the vicinity of the head of your instrument, even though the sympathetic strings, that have a range of various lengths, pass through compact holes while in the fretboard to have interaction Together with the lesser tuning pegs that run down the instrument's neck.|The sarod is often a fretless instrument able of manufacturing steady slides concerning notes called meend (glissandi), which are considerable in Indian tunes.|Performers then begin the key compositions with a bit identified as raga alapana Checking out the raga. In this, they use the Appears aa, ri, na, ta, and so on. in place of swaras to slowly elaborate the notes and circulation on the raga. This begins slowly and gradually and builds into a crescendo, And at last establishes a complicated exposition from the raga that shows the performer's ability. All of this is done with none rhythmic accompaniment, or defeat.|With the 20th century, Carnatic music attained sizeable popularity amongst selected social strata with the Sri Lankan populace, who were then closely motivated by a notable cultural motion often known as the Hindu revival.[25][26][27] Carnatic new music was As a result appropriated and very promoted during the nineteen twenties and 1930s as a cultural and identification marker of your Colombo and Jaffna bourgeoisies,[27][28] and by extension of your Sri Lankan Tamils. The location specified to Carnatic audio in the development of a modern Sri Lankan Tamil identification has arrived at considerable proportions, which include its increase within the curricula of most Jaffna colleges, where by it progressively changed within the mid-1930s the teaching of Western classical songs,[27] or its significant esteem Amongst the higher social lessons of Colombo and Jaffna, where the learning of Carnatic songs amid younger Gals is anticipated as a sign of excellent education.|The hands and also the stomach from the participant helps in bringing out various seem modulations during the instrument. Copper and iron fillings blended with clay develop the sweet resonant tonal excellent from the Ghatam.|At its core, the sitar is surely an instrument that connects cultures and traditions. Its special sound has captured the hearts of new music enthusiasts all throughout the world, getting a symbol of Indian music and society.|The sarod is another among the Indian string devices and is mainly used in Hindustani songs over the Indian subcontinent. It truly is, along with the sitar, one among India?�s most popular and very well-identified devices.|The tonic within the Indian solfège process is known as ṣaḍja, ṣaḍaj, or perhaps the shortened variety sa, or khaṛaj, a dialectal variant of ṣaḍaj, not as vād, and an ideal fifth to which a number of of the drones strings are tuned is called pañcam, not samvād.|The Ghatam performs an essential purpose on the Karnatik songs concert platform as an upapakkavadya or subsidiary instrument. They are also a Portion of instrument ensembles.|[47][48] Borgeets (Assamese: বৰগ�?�? are lyrical tunes that happen to be established to unique ragas although not essentially to any tala. These music, composed by Srimanta Sankardeva and Madhavdeva in the fifteenth??16th|sixteenth} generations, are made use of to start prayer expert services in monasteries, e.g. Satra and Namghar associated with the Ekasarana Dharma; and In addition they belong to the repertoire of Music of Assam outside the house the religious context. They may be a lyrical strain that Categorical the religious sentiments from the poets reacting to various situations, and vary from other lyrics linked to the Ekasarana Dharma.| Sushir Vadya or aerophones are wind instruments. These devices use air as the main vibrating medium for creating seem. They can be various in composition and are already used in the new music of all cultures due to the fact prehistoric moments.|The primary emphasis in Carnatic tunes is on vocal songs; most compositions are published for being sung, and regardless if played on instruments, they are meant to be done in a singing type (known as gāyaki).|The G&A aided the architecture crew in making some required changes into the developing style and design mainly because it pertains to the museum encounter, which includes retail and food companies.}

Tuning is dependent upon the sitarist's college or type, tradition and every artist's personalized preference. The key taking part in string is sort of invariably tuned a wonderful fourth earlier mentioned the tonic, the next string staying tuned on the tonic.

Stringed devices or Chordophones are musical instruments that create seem if the strings are vibrated.

light-weight tunes??forms in India. Acoustic guitars have six strings and are excellent for novices as They can be easy and user friendly.|Each common Indian instrument provides a deep background which is interbedded with potent religious traditions.|Shehnai is a conventional musical instrument, related to auspicious situations like marriages and temple processions. Shehnai is a double reed instrument by using a tapering bore which progressively improves in the direction of the decrease facet.|The sitar?�s tuning system is unique, with the principle participating in strings tuned to the notes in the raga currently being performed. The sympathetic strings are tuned to precise notes that enhance the melody of the raga. The tuning method will take time and involves very careful consideration to realize the desired sound.|style is derived from non-conventional musical accompaniment towards the riffs of Punjab known as by exactly the same name. The feminine dance of Punjab region is known as Giddha (Punjabi: ਗਿੱ�?�?.|Notation is not a completely new thought in Indian tunes. Even so, Carnatic songs ongoing to get transmitted orally for hundreds of years devoid of getting created down.|The Morsing is supported concerning the teeth as well as player strikes the steel tongue of the instrument to and fro.|Finer tuning of Tabla is completed by putting the rim in the Tabla with a little hammer. The Bayan would be the bass drum and is generally crafted from metallic using a stretched pores and skin head. Both drums Have a very black place in the middle made of manganese or iron dust. Pakhawaj|Geethams and swarajatis (which have their own individual peculiar composition structures) are principally meant to function fundamental Understanding routines.|Held in the town of Thiruvayaru, Countless musicians show up at the Competition to accomplish his compositions. Because its inception, other festivals had been commenced in an identical method through India and abroad, such as the Chembai Sangeetholsavam within the Indian town of Guruvayur, plus the Aradhana during the US metropolis of Cleveland.|India has probably the most historic and progressed audio technique on this planet. The earliest evidence details to this discovery from the cave paintings displaying musical activity and instruments at Bhimbetka in Madhya Pradesh (Central India), relationship back again ten,000 yrs ago.|This little drum is held in the armpit when enjoying it. Made from Wooden in an hourglass form, it is roofed by goat pores and skin on each side.|Tastes of taraf string and peg positioning and their whole range There are numerous supplemental sub-types and cross mixes of models in sitars, As outlined by consumer Choices.|The Pena is made of a bow having an arched iron rod that has jingle bells and bamboo cope with hooked up, which provides rhythmic accompaniment.|Lavani originates from the phrase Lavanya meaning "natural beauty". This is among the preferred varieties of dance and music which is practiced throughout Maharashtra. It has, the truth is, become a required Section of the Maharashtrian people dance performances. Ordinarily, the music are sung by feminine artists, but male artists may well once in a while sing Lavanis.|Rajasthani tunes is derived from a combination of string instruments, percussion devices and wind instruments accompanied by renditions of folks singers. It enjoys a good presence in Bollywood music as well.|Have to have some assistance determining what to look at prior to your popcorn runs out? We?�ve got you protected! With this particular manual you'll find the very best flicks to look at online across all languages, eras, and genres all less than one particular roof.|The initial features halting the strings Using the suggestion of 1?�s fingernails, whilst the next requires both equally the nail and also the fingertip to prevent the strings versus the fingerboard.|The Pena is surely an integral Component of all of the religious festivals of Manipur similar to the Lai Haraoba Competition, which is a ritualistic festival in the Meiteis, an ethnic group native for the condition of Manipur.|If the string is plucked, it's a considerable amplitude. Given that the energy on the string's movement little by little diminishes, the Call issue of the string Using the bridge slowly creeps up the slope of the bridge. Based on scale, tension and pitch, this can take concerning three and ten seconds.|Precise timing of plucking a cycle of four strings in the ongoing loop is usually a determining factor in the resultant seem. That?�s why it truly is played unchangingly through the general performance. |Tanpuras sort the root of your ensemble and without a doubt from the tunes itself, since the tanpura creates an acoustic dynamic reference chord from which the ragas (melodic modes) derive their distinctive character, shade, and taste.|The Jaltarang is really an Indian melodic sound instrument. It is made of a set of ceramic or metal bowls of various dimensions, tuned appropriately by filling in numerous portions of h2o.}}

Report this page